Telecommunication

In the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from Plymouth to London.

In 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system (or semaphore line) between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.

Homing pigeons have occasionally been used through history by different cultures. Pigeon post is thought to have Persian roots and was used by the Romans to aid their military. Frontinus said that Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons.[24] In the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a pigeon service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed.

Telegraph and telephone

Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke invented the electric telegraph in 1837. Also, the first commercial electrical telegraph is purported to have been constructed by Wheatstone and Cooke and opened on 9 April 1839.[citation needed] Both inventors viewed their device as "an improvement to the [existing] electromagnetic telegraph" not as a new device.

Samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837. His code was an important advance over Wheatstone's signaling method. The first transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on 27 July 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.

The conventional telephone was invented independently by Alexander Bell and Elisha Gray in 1876. Antonio Meucci invented the first device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line in 1849. However Meucci's device was of little practical value because it relied upon the electrophonic effect and thus required users to place the receiver in their mouth to “hear” what was being said. The first commercial telephone services were set-up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.

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TMN provides an organised architecture for the interconnection between various types of Operating Systems (OSs) and/or telecommunication equipment for the exchange of management information using an agreed architecture with standardised interfaces including messages and protocols.

TMN provides management functions for telecommunication networks and services and offers communications between itself and the networks and services.

The aim of TMN is to provide a framework for telecommunication management. By introducing the concept of generic network models for management, to perform general management of diverse equipment using generic information models and standard interfaces.

TMN can vary in complexity from a very simple connection to a complex network interconnecting. It provides management functions and offers communication both between an OSs themselves, and between OSs and the different parts of the telecommunication network.
A telecommunication network contain many types of telecommunication equipmentand associated support equipment.

TMN is a separate network that interfaces a telecommunication network to control its operation. It may be use parts of the telecommunications network to provide its communication. The following diagram show the relationship between TMN and telecommunication network.

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TELECOMMUNICATIONS

In this era of "instant gratification" and an end-user driven market, the Telecom product development ecosystem is chiefly centered around Convergence, Security and Content Management, with focus on Interoperability across heterogeneous networks, protocols and platforms.

To achieve product and service differentiation through innovative offerings and out-do stiff competition, Telecom ISVs, Equipment Vendors, Service Providers and Enterprises need a partner like Persistent. We understand the pulse of the Telecom industry and have the skills and experienced resources to innovate, design, build and support the latest products and solutions in the market.

With over a decade of relevant experience, our Telecommunications Business Unit is one of the fastest growing verticals at Persistent, contributing to 25% of our revenue. Some highlights of our Telecom BU include:

* A global customer base of over 40 companies, comprising of a healthy blend of early stage and fortune 500s
* In-depth experience spanning across various Telecom domains.
* Extensive investments in building Centers of Excellence around latest tools, technologies and protocols
* Alliances with industry leaders such as Avaya, AdventNet, Symbian, BREW, Nokia, Microsoft, and Mobile Complete to ensure leadership through expertise in devices, VoIP and OSS domains.

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4 legged angular self supporting towers are generally constructed with various sizes of angles for heights ranging from 150 feet to 350 feet. The structures are engineered and fabricated to accommodate heavy duty loading imposed from the attachment of microwave dishes and mounting of sector antennas. Besides, the towers are formulated to house a variety of accessories which include platforms, antenna arm mounts, lighting system mounts, monkey ladder, safety cage, cable ladder, utility mounted poles, etc.


Design criteria
A) designed to withstand wind speed of 120km/h.
B) under the designed wind load, lateral sway at the top of tower is less than 0.5 degree.

Materials and workmanship
All design, materials and workmanship strictly performed in accordance to:
A) bs 5950: Welding terms and symbols
B) bs 729: Hot - dip galvanized coating on iron and steel articles
C) bs 2901: Filler rods and wires for gas shielded arc welding: Part 1 ferritic steels
D) bs 3692: Iso metric precision hexagon bolts, screws and nuts
E) bs 4360: Wieldable structural steel
F ) bs 5135: Metal - arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steel
G) bs 5950: Part 1: Code of practice for loading latticed tower & masts
Part 2: Guide to the background and use of part 1"code of practice for loading"
Part 3: Strength assessment of members
H) dd 133 (1986): Code of practice for loading latticed tower & masts
I) bs 4592 (1987): Part 2: Specification for expanded metal grating panels
J) bs 4592 (1977): Code of practice for protective coating of iron and steel structure against corrosion
K) bs 4190: Bracing & flanged bolts
L) bs 4190: Rolled steel sections, flats & plates

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Telecommunications, also called telecommunication, is the exchange of information over significant distances by electronic means. A complete, single telecommunications circuit consists of two stations, each equipped with a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter and receiver at any station may be combined into a single device called a transceiver. The medium of signal transmission can be electrical wire or cable (also known as "copper"), optical fiber or electromagnetic fields. The free-space transmission and reception of data by means of electromagntetic fields is called wireless.

The simplest form of telecommunications takes place between two stations. However, it is common for multiple transmitting and receiving stations to exchange data among themselves. Such an arrangement is called a telecommunications network. The Internet is the largest example. On a smaller scale, examples include:

* Corporate and academic wide-area networks (WANs)
* Telephone networks
* Police and fire communications systems
* Taxicab dispatch networks
* Groups of amateur radio operators

Data is conveyed in a telecommunications circuit by means of an electrical signal called the carrier or carrier wave. In order for a carrier to convey information, some form of modulation is required. The mode of modulation can be broadly categorized as either analog or digital. In analog modulation, some aspect of the carrier is varied in a continuous fashion. The oldest form of analog modulation is amplitude modulation (AM), still used in radio broadcasting at some frequencies. Digital modulation actually predates analog modulation; the earliest form was Morse code. During the 1900s, dozens of new forms of modulation were developed and deployed, particularly during the so-called "digital revolution" when the use of computers among ordinary citizens became widespread.

In some contexts, a broadcast network, consisting of a single transmitting station and multiple receive-only stations, is considered a form of telecommunications. Radio and television broadcasting are the most common examples.

Telecommunications and broadcasting worldwide are overseen by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), an agency of the United Nations (UN) with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Most countries have their own agencies that enforce telecommunications regulations formulated by their governments. In the United States, that agency is the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

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As the undisputed leader in undersea optical networking, Tyco Telecommunications has played a leading role connecting people from all parts of the globe for almost half a century. Not only were we responsible for the first transatlantic telephone cable system in 1956, we also developed and implemented the first transatlantic fiber-optic system in 1988. More recently, we pioneered a number of new technologies to enable fiber optics to satisfy the rapidly growing demands of the Internet Age. Each sheds light on an interesting facet of long-haul communications. In fact, the history of undersea telecommunications reads a lot like a list of Tyco Telecommunications' own achievements.

Still, we're not about to rest on our laurels. Our Research & Development team, whose lineage goes back to Bell Labs, continues to expand the boundaries of optical networking technology to deliver better service at lower cost to all our customers.

Early communication systems

Almost 5,000 years ago, our ancestors relied on smoke signals for visual - or optical - transmission systems, establishing one of the oldest forms of communication in recorded history. The next development, sometime around 300BC, used carrier pigeons to deliver handwritten messages. Beyond that, the only other means of communication was to physically deliver messages to friends, family and associates located afar.

It wasn't until 1792 that a new form of optical telecommunications came along: the Semaphore. Developed by the Frenchman Claude Chappe, these windmill-like structures enabled people to relay messages at distances of up to 20 miles. However, as with many of today's connections, bandwidth was an issue because the Semaphore could transmit only 15 characters per minute.

19th-century achievements

The phenomenal technological advances of the 19th century brought profound changes, many of which were made possible by the introduction of mechanically generated electricity in 1832. With the ability to flow electrons down copper wire, European inventors Wheatstone and Cooke and right behind them, Morse and Vail in the United States, developed the telegraph, and the telecommunications industry was born.

Almost immediately, people saw the need for undersea cables. The first was a cable underneath the River Thames in London in 1840. Ten years later, the Brett brothers successfully laid a cable across the English Channel connecting England and France, but it broke within hours when it was snagged by a fisherman. A year later, they installed an armored cable, enabling telegraph service between London and Paris to start in 1851. Once the Old World was wired, attention shifted to connecting to the New World.

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